Fig. 8. Kaempferol and cisplatin co-treatment induced cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. HCT-15 and HCT-116 colon cancer cells were treated with kaempferol and cisplatin either alone or in combination for 48 hours. (A) The percentage of cell population arrested in G1 phase was analyzed with flow cytometry following the individual or co-treatment. (B) HCT-15 and (C) HCT-116 cancer cells were checked for molecular markers involved in the cell cycle and proliferation normalized with β-actin. (D, E) The cells were analyzed for cyclin-dependent kinase (CDKs) markers which regulates the progression of cells through different cell cycle phases. The relative protein expression of HCT-15 and HCT-116 colon cancer cells was measured with ImageJ software. The data are represented as the mean ± standard deviation. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 for comparison between control and treated cells, whereas ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, and ^###P < 0.001 for comparison between kaempferol alone and combination and ^$P < 0.05, ^$$P < 0.01, and ^$$$P < 0.001 for comparison between cisplatin only and combine treatment. ns, not significant.

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