Fig. 6. Kaempferol enhances the cisplatin induced DNA damage response in human colon cancer HCT-15 and HCT-116 cells. The colon cancer cells were treated with kaempferol and cisplatin either alone or in combination and the impact of co-treatment was evaluated on the DNA damage by observing the level of DNA fragmentation in DNA gel electrophoresis. (A) DNA of colon cancer cells was visualized on 2% agarose gel. From left to right: Lane 1, DNA marker 1 kb; Lane 2, Control cell’s DNA; Lane 3, Kaempferol (50 µM) treated cells shows DNA fragmentation; Lane 4, Cisplatin (10 µM) treated cells; and Lane 5, a higher fragmentation was observed in cells co-treated with kaempferol (50 µM) and cisplatin (10 µM). (B) HCT-15 and (C) HCT-116; The protein markers involved in DNA damage and repair system were analyzed after treatment with kaempferol and cisplatin or their combination. The relative protein expression intensity was analyzed with ImageJ software. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) from 3 independent experiments. The data are represented as the mean ± standard deviation. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 for comparison between control and treated cells, whereas ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, and ^###P < 0.001 for comparison between kaempferol alone and combination and ^$P < 0.05, ^$$P < 0.01 for comparison between cisplatin only and combine treatment. ns, not significant.

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