Journal of Cancer Prevention

eISSN 2288-3657
pISSN 2288-3649

Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for colorectal cancer incidence according to daily coffee consumption

Variables Daily coffee consumption, no. of cups
None < 1 1 to < 2 ≥ 2
Men (n = 39,380)
Number 4,807 7,515 14,553 12,505
Person-years 43,883.9 69,925.9 131,542.0 112,616.0
Colorectal cancer
No. of event 62 90 174 137
Crude HR 1.00 (reference) 0.95 (0.69–1.32) 0.98 (0.73–1.31) 1.03 (0.76–1.39)
aHRa 1.00 (reference) 0.93 (0.67–1.29) 0.96 (0.71–1.28) 1.01 (0.74–1.38)
Colon cancer
No. of event 38 51 92 73
Crude HR 1.00 (reference) 0.89 (0.59–1.36) 0.86 (0.59–1.25) 0.94 (0.63–1.39)
aHRa 1.00 (reference) 0.85 (0.56–1.30) 0.82 (0.56–1.20) 0.91 (0.61–1.37)
Rectal cancer
No. of event 24 39 82 64
Crude HR 1.00 (reference) 1.05 (0.63–1.75) 1.17 (0.74–1.85) 1.17 (0.73–1.87)
aHRa 1.00 (reference) 1.05 (0.63–1.75) 1.17 (0.74–1.86) 1.17 (0.72–1.90)
Women (n = 74,863)
Number 13,535 16,778 31,074 13,476
Person-years 125,268.0 159,250.0 280,035.0 122,126.0
Colorectal cancer
No. of event 81 118 188 78
Crude HR 1.00 (reference) 1.31 (0.99–1.75) 1.26 (0.97–1.63) 1.42 (1.03–1.94)
aHRa 1.00 (reference) 1.27 (0.95–1.69) 1.21 (0.93–1.58) 1.34 (0.97–1.86)
Colon cancer
No. of event 52 80 128 51
Crude HR 1.00 (reference) 1.41 (0.99–2.00) 1.36 (0.99–1.89) 1.52 (1.02–2.25)
aHRa 1.00 (reference) 1.36 (0.96–1.94) 1.33 (0.95–1.84) 1.43 (0.96–2.14)
Rectal cancer
No. of event 29 38 60 27
Crude HR 1.00 (reference) 1.14 (0.70–1.85) 1.06 (0.68–1.66) 1.23 (0.72–2.10)
aHRa 1.00 (reference) 1.10 (0.68–1.80) 1.01 (0.64–1.59) 1.18 (0.68–2.05)

Values are present as number only or HR (95% CI).

aHR, adjusted HR.

aAdjusted for education level (<10 yr, 10–12 yr, >12 yr, and missing), body mass index (< 18.5 kg/m2, 18.5–22.9 kg/m2, 23–24.9 kg/m2, ≥ 25 kg/m2, and missing), smoking status (non-smoker, ex-smoker, current smoker, and missing), alcohol consumption (non-drinker, ex-drinker, current drinker, and missing), regular exercise (no, yes, and missing), first-degree family history of colorectal cancer (no, yes, and missing), red and processed meat intake (g/d, continuous), vegetable and fruits intake (g/d, continuous), and energy intake (kcal/d, continuous).
J Cancer Prev 2022;27:229~238 https://doi.org/10.15430/JCP.2022.27.4.229
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