Fig. 5. Mannose regulated TAM polarization by lactate in vitro.
(A) Schematic diagram of method for construction of TAMs. (B) The mRNA levels of TAM markers (VEGF, Arg-1, and HIF-1α) in TAMs derived from THP-1 cells subjected to differentiation by PMA and subsequent stimulation with HCT116 cells. (C) Effect of lactate on the mRNA expression of VEGF, Arg-1, and HIF-1α during TAM polarization. THP-1 cells were differentiated into M0 macrophages by incubation with PMA for 24 hours. Then 1, 3, and 10 mmol/L lactate was treated to M0 THP-1 cells. Data represent the mean ± standard deviation. TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages; Arg-1, arginase-1; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; PMA, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001.