Fig. 4. GGE03 inhibits the production of nitric oxide (NO) through inducible NOS (iNOS) in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-infected AGS cells. (A) AGS cells were pretreated with GE and GGE03 indicated concentrations for 1 hour, followed by 1.5 hours co-culture with H. pylori (50 multiplicity of infection [MOI]). After incubation, the culture supernatants were collected for measurement of NO. (B) AGS cells were pretreated with GE and GGE03 at indicated concentrations for 1 hour, followed by 3.5 hours co-culture with H. pylori (50 MOI). The effect of GE and GGE03 on the expression of iNOS in AGS cells was analyzed by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). 18S rRNA was used as an internal control for the expression of cytokines. Data are the mean ± SD. Statistical significance was analyzed by ANOVA. n.s., not significant. ***P < 0.001 compared to control; ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, and ^###P < 0.001 compared to the H. pylori group.

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