Fig. 3. GGE03 exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-infected AGS cells. (A) AGS cells were pretreated with indicated concentrations of GE and GGE03 for 1 hour and then infection was induced by H. pylori (50 multiplicity of infection [MOI]) for 1 hour. The expression of p-IκBα and IκBα in AGS cells were determined by Western blotting. (B) AGS cells were pretreated with indicated concentrations of GE and GGE03 for 1 hour and then infection was induced by H. pylori (50 MOI) for 1 hour. The expression of p-p65, p65, p-p50, p50 and β-actin in AGS cells was determined by Western blotting. Results are presented as the mean ± SD. Statistical significance was analyzed by ANOVA. n.s., not significant. ***P < 0.001 compared to control; ^##P < 0.01 and ^###P < 0.001 compared to the H. pylori group.

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