Fig. 2. GGE03 inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in H. pylori-infected AGS cells. AGS cells were pretreated with GE and GGE03 at indicated concentrations for 1 hour, followed by co-culture with H. pylori (50 multiplicity of infection) for additional 3.5 hours. The effects of GE and GGE03 on the mRNA expression of IL-8 (A), TNF-α (B), IL-6 (C), and IL-1β (D) in AGS cells were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). 18S rRNA was used as an internal control for the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Data are the mean ± SD. Statistical significance was analyzed by ANOVA. IL, interleukin; H. pylori, Helicobacter pylori; n.s., not significant. ***P < 0.001 compared to control; ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, and ^###P < 0.001 compared to the H. pylori group.

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