Fig. 3. Effect of astaxanthin on the expression of IFN-_γ in the gastric mucosal tissues of H. pylori-infected mice. (A) IFN-_γ mRNA levels in the gastric mucosal tissues were assessed by real-time PCR. GAPDH mRNA was used to normalize the results. (B) Upper: Western blot analysis of IFN-_γ. Lower: graph showing the levels of each protein as a density ratio relative to the density of the loading control (_β-actin). The density ratio of the non-infected control (None) group was set as 100%. None, non-infected mice fed standard chow; Control (H. pylori control), H. pylori-infected mice fed standard chow; ASX (H. pylori + ASX), H. pylori-infected mice fed chow supplemented with astaxanthin (ASX). ^aP < 0.05 vs. non-infected controls (None), ^bP < 0.05 vs. infected controls (H. pylori control).

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