Fig. 3. Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense Kitamura (ECJUK) increases the intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) level and protects HaCaT cells against oxidative DNA damage. After an exposure of ECJUK to HaCaT cells, (A) MTT assay was conducted to measure the cell viability and (B) the intracellular GSH level was measured as described. Symbols indicate a statistically significance with ***P < 0.001. (C) After an exposure of ECJUK to HaCaT cells, the intracellular 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OH-G) level was visualized by immunofluorescence (IF) assay, using 8-OH-G antibody. TPA, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate; DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.

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